Frequency of congenital heart diseases in infants of diabetic mothers referred to pediatrics department

To determine the frequency of congenital heart disease in infants of diabetic mothers referred to Pediatrics department. A total of 101 full-term neonates, aged from 0 to 29 days, admitted in the Neonatology unit, Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar - Pakistan, diagnosed clinically and confirmed by echocardiography were included in the study. All the children included in the study were sent to Cardiology Department of the Institute for echocardiography. After Echocardiography report, frequency of normal and congenital heart diseases [CHD] like VSD, ASD, PDA, TGA and PFO among these children was determined. Out of 101 neonates, 67 [66.30%] were males and 34 [33.7%] were female. Majority [n=97, 96.0%] neonates' age ranged from 0-10 days. Maternal history showed that 55 [54.5%] mothers got diabetes during the pregnancy and 46 [45.5%] were having pre-gestational diabetes. The frequency of CHD was 52.5% in infants of diabetic mothers. Following CHDs were found in 53 neonates of diabetic mothers; Patent ductus arteriosus [PDA] in 17 [16.8%] cases, Ventricular septal defect [VSD] in 13 [12.9%], Atrial septal defect [ASD] in 09 [08.9%], Patent foramen ovale [PFO] in 08 [7.9%] and Transposition of the great arteries [TGA] in 6 [5.9%] cases respectively. Frequency of congenital heart disease in IDMs was 52.5%. Careful evaluation and early diagnosis of CHD in this high-risk group are highly indicated and echocardiography is recommended for all infants of diabetic mothers as soon as possible

Influence of one week education program on the knowledge and approach of pharmacy students towards diabetes mellitus / Influencia del programa una semana de educación en el conocimiento y enfoque de los estudiantes de farmacia hacia la diabetes mellitus / Influência do programa uma semana de educação no conhecimento e enfoque dos estudantes de farmácia para o diabetes mellitus

The objective of this study was to assess the improvement in knowledge and attitude of Pharmacy student towards diabetes by implementing one week long education program. Study design: Study was conducted between April 25, 2011 to April 29, 2011 which engaged the 3rd professional year Pharm. D. students comprising two groups: experimental and control groups. Lectures and visual presentations on diabetic education and practice were conducted for five days. Three surveys were performed on two groups i.e. non intervened control, non- intervened experimental and intervened experimental surveys. Questionnaire was used as survey tool comprising of 46 questions under ten categories. Results: Scores in all diabetic knowledge aspect was increased after education intervention and was significantly (P<0.05) different from that of control group. Conclusion: The marked increase in knowledge about diabetes among pharmacy students illustrates the importance of educational intervention. Educational programs may markedly increase the educational skills, efficiency and confidence of pharmacy students as well as professionals.

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar cómo mejorar el conocimiento y la actitud de los estudiantes de Farmacia hacia la diabetes, mediante la implementación de un programa de educación de una semana. Diseño: El estudio se realizó entre el 25 y el 29 de abril de 2011, entre estudiantes de 3er año de la carrera de Farmacia, conformados en dos grupos: uno experimental y otro de control. Se llevaron a cabo conferencias y presentaciones visuales en educación y práctica de la diabetes durante cinco días. Tres estudios se realizaron en dos grupos: el grupo control y experimental no intervenido y el de estudio experimental intervenido. Un cuestionario se utilizó como herramienta de estudio con 46 preguntas en diez categorías. Resultados: Las puntuaciones en el conocimiento sobre todo aspecto de la diabetes se incrementó después de la intervención educativa, lo que fue significativo (P <0,05) diferente de la de grupo de control. Conclusión: El marcado aumento en el conocimiento sobre la diabetes entre los estudiantes de farmacia ilustra la importancia de la intervención educativa. Los programas educativos pueden aumentar notablemente la capacidad educativa, la eficiencia y la confianza tanto en los estudiantes de farmacia, así como en los profesionales.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar como melhorar o conhecimento e a atitude dos estudantes de Farmácia para o diabetes, mediante a implementação de um programa de educação de uma semana. Projeto: O estudo se realizou entre 25 e 29 de abril de 2011, entre estudantes de 3º ano do curso de Farmácia, conformados em dois grupos: um experimental e outro de controle. Foram levadas a cabo conferências e apresentações visuais em educação e prática do diabetes durante cinco dias. Três estudos foram realizados em dois grupos: o grupo controle e experimental sem intervenção e o grupo de estudo experimental com intervenção. Um questionário foi utilizado como ferramenta de estudo com 46 perguntas em dez categorias. Resultados: As pontuações no conhecimento sobre todo aspecto do diabetes foi incrementado depois da intervenção educativa, o que foi significativamente (P <0,05) diferente das do grupo de controle. Conclusão: O marcado aumento no conhecimento sobre o diabetes entre os estudantes de farmácia ilustra a importância da intervenção educativa. Os programas educativos podem aumentar notavelmente a capacidade educativa, a eficiência e a confiança tanto nos estudantes de farmácia, bem como nos profissionais.

Etiological agents of CSOM and its sensitivity pattern

The present study was undertaken with the aim to detect bacteria and fungi as aetiological agent in CSOM and to see susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates to different antibiotics and to determine the beta lactamase production by the bacterial isolates. Experimental Study. This study was conducted in the department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, JPMC, Karachi, during the period of August 1998 to February 1999. During this period, 110 patients were seen, of them 62 were male and 48 were female with male to female ratio of 1.3:1. Two swabs were taken from each patients ear, one was put immediately in to Brain Heart Infusion [BHI] broth and the other was inoculated on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar [SDA] slant. BHI was incubated for 2-4 hours and subcultured on blood agar, chocolate agar and MacConkey's agar plates. The Chocolate agar was incubated in 5-10% CO[2] atmosphere in a candle jar and they were incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. SDA slant was incubated for 14 days at 37°C. Isolates were identified by Gram staining and then confirmed by biochemical test. Fungus growth was stained in Lactophenol Cotton blue [LPCB] and identified microscopically. Amongst bacterial isolates gram negative rods [41] and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [45] were predominant. 47 gram positive cocci were seen, of those 37 were Staphylococcus aureus. Fourteen fungal isolates were recovered, all of them were found to be Aspergillus species. Bacterial isolates were tested for beta-lactamase production the drug sensitivity was noted by disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar. Ciprofloxacin and Enoxacin emerged as the most effective antibiotics. Tobramycin also showed good results against gram negative rods and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chloramphenicol, Clarithromycin and Minocycline showed good results against Staphylococcus aureus. And other gram positive cocci. Drug sensitivity of the fungi was not done. Micro-organisms showed least sensitivity to Ampicillin and Cotrimoxazole. It is concluded that to achieve the maximum benefits of antibiotics, we must use them with discrimination and with the understanding of microbial population and with the knowledge of their indications and limitations. The indiscriminate, haphazard and halfhearted use of antibiotics and poor follow up of patients causes more harm than good

Comparison between auramine-rhodamine [AR] and Ziehl-Neelsen [ZN] staining in cases of chronic granulomatous lymphadenopathy

Experimental study. This study was conducted at various hospitals of Quetta. This study includes 103 cases of chronic granulomatous lymphadenitis, with 101 cases of tuberculosis lymph nodes amongst a total of 200 cases of non-neoplastic lymphadenopathy.Their ages ranged from 2 to 79 years. Maximum number of cases were in 10-29 years age group. Females [69.31%] were affected more as compared to males. The commonest presenting symptom was fever. Cervical lymph nodes [83 cases] were the commonest site of involvement whereas 18 cases showed multiple site involvement. Fluorescent staining of histopatholigical sections from 103 chronic granulomatous lymphadenitis gave positive results in 76 out of 103 [73.78%] cases, however Ziehl-Neelsen staining was positive only in 29 out of 103 [28.15%] cases. The yield of mycobacteria on fluorescent staining was higly significant [p<0.00l] as compared to Ziehl-Neelsen staining thereby providing the superiority of fluorescent stain. In a total of 200 cases of non-neoplastic lymphadenopathy 101 cases showed granulomatous lesions, histologically consistant with tuberculosis. Other causes of lymphadnopathy were chronic non-specific lymphadenitis [n=87] viral lymphadenitis [n=8], fungal lymphadenitis [n=2] and acute bacterial lymphadenitis [n=2]. Fluorescent staining of histopathological sections from 103 chronic granulomatous lymphadenitis gave positive results in 76 out of 103 [73.78%] cases, however Ziehl-Neelsen staining was positive only in 29 out of 103 [28.15%] cases. In 101 cases, the finding were consistent with the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenopathy. In our study, significantly greater number of cases, 78 out of 101 [P<0.001] diagnosed as tuberculous lymphadenitis were in age groups 10-29 years. Female [69.31%] were more affected than males [30.69%]. The common presenting symptom was fever. Cervical lymph nodes were commonest site of biopsy. Haemoglobin estimation in 98 cases revealed anaemia in 65 out of 101 [66.32%] patients of tuberculous lymphadenopathy. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate was performed in 63 cases and was raised in 52 [82.53%] cases. In a total of 80 cases in whom X-ray chest was performed, 14 [15.5%] cases revealed foci of tuberculosis. Thus, in conclusion, this study has highlighted the superiorty of fluorescent stain over ZN stain

clinicomorphological study of non-neoplastic lymphadenopathy

The Clinico Morphological Changes in 150 Cases of Non-neoplastic lymph adenopathy were studied at BMC Complex Hospital Quetta. The ages of these patients ranged from 2 years to 80 years. Maximum number of patients with lymphadenopathy [65 out of 150] 43.3% cases were in 11-20 years ago group. Females [56%] presenting with lymph node enlargement were more affected than males [44%]. The commonest presenting complaint was fever [67%]. Cervical lymph nodes [82.6%] were the commonest site of involvement. On histopathological examination, four morphological groups were highlighted; tuberculous lymphadenitis [50%], chronic non-specific lymhadenitis [44%], viral lymphadenitis [4%] acute bacterial lymphadenitis [2%]. The study also highlights the yield of Mycobacteria on fluorescent staining as highly significant [P<0.001] as compared to Ziehl-Neelsen staining, there by proving the superiority of fluorescent stain

clinical and etiological profile of urinary tract infection

To study clinical profile of urinary tract infection [UTI] and to document the common microorganisms causing UTI in admitted patients and to test their sensitivity pattern. We did a hospital based descriptive study in the department of Medicine Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar from December, 2005 to July, 2006. The data of total 50 patients above 13 years of age with signs and symptoms suggestive of UTI was collected on a structured proforma. The clinical presentation, the common causative organisms and their sensitivity pattern was documented. The results were compared with other national and international studies. In this study 47/50 [94%] cases were culture positive with a colony count >105/ml. Overall male to female ratio was 1:2 table. 1. Among the culture positive cases, the commonest pathogens found were E. coli in 25 cases [53.1%] followed by citrobacter in 8 cases [17.02%]. The commonest organisms E.coli and citrobacter showed maximum sensitivity to Amikacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxones, in decreasing order of frequency. The most common symptom found in all age groups was fever while the commonest sign was anaemia. UTI should be considered in any patient with fever without focus beyond three days. E Coli is the commonest organisms and amikacin is the drug of choice

Dermatofbrosarcoma protuberans presenting in young male

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans [DFSP] is a rare tumour of skin and soft tissue. A 35 years old male presented in December, 2005 with a recurrent soft tissue swelling on the left anterior chest wall which had been increasing in size for the last one year. He had a nodule removed from same site 6 years back. The soft tissue swelling on biopsy turned out to be Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans [DFSP]. Case history is presented with review of literature